Named protein sources, whole ingredients, absence of fillers (corn/wheat/soy), artificial colors/flavors/preservatives. Penalizes byproducts, unnamed meats, BHA/BHT/ethoxyquin.

Calorie density appropriate for treat use, nutritional value per calorie, protein-to-filler ratio. Training treats evaluated on low-cal suitability (<5 kcal/treat ideal).

Named vs unnamed protein sources, sourcing clarity (country of origin, farm certifications), traceability, absence of vague terms like "animal digest" or "meat meal."

Brand recall history over 5+ years, manufacturing standards, third-party contamination testing, FDA compliance track record.

Dog taste acceptance rate across breeds and sizes, texture quality, aroma appeal, ease of use for training or dental purposes.